Data Analysis
For Actual Studies/Research Conducted by Institutions with 25 or More Employees

Emergent (Implicit) Coding: Categories [data sets] are established after preliminary examination of the data (Stemler, 2001)

a priori (Explicit) Coding: Categories [data sets] are established before the analysis based upon some theory or concept (Stemler, 2001)

Contextual Analysis: Coding meaningful terms or small phrases derived from the data

Relational Analysis: Coding meaningful terms or small phrases and exploring relations between frequency of selected terms or small phrases

Qualitative Research Defined

    Phenomenological

• Identify Categories Based On "Unexamined Events" (Meaningful Units: Text that are Meaningful by Themselves) [a priori coding] OR
  • Document Categories while Reviewing Transcriptions [inductive/emergent coding]
• Index or Code Raw Data
• Look for Hidden Themes (Premises or Arguments) and Patterns (Relationships)
• Describe Themes (Premises or Arguments) and Patterns (Relationships)

    Ethnography

•     Identify Categories Before the Analysis That Focus on "Everyday Events" [a priori coding] OR
  •     Document Categories while Reviewing Transcriptions [inductive/emergent coding]
•     Index or Code Raw Data
•     Identify and Name More Categories That Group Data (Constant Comparative Method)
•     Describe Similarities and Distinctions of Patterns (Relationships)

    Ground Theory

• Compare Data Segments and Codes
• Open coding - Break Down Raw Data and Form Categories (Similar Topics) Before the Analysis [a priori coding] OR
                      Break Down and Categorize Data while Reviewing Transcriptions [inductive/emergent coding]
• Axial coding - Reassemble Data
• Selective coding - Select Primary Category and Relate to Other Categories
• Assess Patterns (Relationships)
• Generate a Theory (not included in services; institutional representatives or independent researchers must generate their own theory)

    Case Studies

• Break Down and Categorize Data (Similar Topics) Before the Analysis [a priori coding] OR
  • Break Down and Categorize Data while Reviewing Transcriptions [inductive/emergent coding]
• Interpretational Analysis: Examine Data for Constructs (Ideas Related to Other Concepts), Themes (Premises or Arguments), or Patterns (Relationships)
• Structural Analysis: Search for Inherent Patterns (Relationships)
• Describe "Little" Meaning of the Patterns (Relationships)
• Reflective Analysis: Use Primarily Intuition and Judgment (not included in services; institutional representatives or independent researchers must use their own intuition and judgment)

Reference:

Leedy, P. D. (1997). Practical research: Planning and design (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill: Prentice-Hall.

Stemler, S. (2001). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 7(17). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=17

Services

I. Consolidate (Merge) Responses

• List (Merge) from Word Documents Submitted the Participants' Responses to Each Question Under a Specific Research Question. For example, ALL responses to Question 1 will be Listed Under Question 1.
   
  • OR List (merge) the participants' responses from Word Documents to each question under a specific category. For example, ALL responses relating to a specific [variable] will be grouped together then research questions will be submerged under each variable (Specifics Variable Examples include: Industry, Company (e.g., Telecommunication responses then list Technology responses), Sector (e.g., government employee responses then list the private sector responses), Title, Race (African American responses then list Hispanic Americans responses), and so forth)
     
• Correct some grammar to already edited or unedited document
• Add some [text] to quote for clarity
• Does not include:
      Transcribing Data (Digital Audio Files): Contact:
      Coding Text (Data)
      Describing Themes (see below)
      Composing Articles
      Synthesizing, Comparing, or Contrasting Findings with Literature or Methodologies in Other Sources (Confirmability: Validity)
   

II. Code Data and Discover and Describe Sub Themes and/or Patterns

• Outline Each Sub Code Under a Main/Specific Code (Master List)
• Open Code Text
• Discover and Describe Themes and/or Patterns of Individual Participants
• Generate 2 Coding Scheme Reports: Code Frequency and Code Frequency with Source Materials (Coded Data)

•  Does not include:
       Transcribing Data (Digital Audio Files)
       Consolidating (Merging) Responses (see above)
       Listing Individual Responses Under Each Category--Coded Data Will Appear in Report
       Stating the Overall Conclusions (discover/describe overall emergent theme)
       Composing Articles, Books, or Other Publications
       Synthesizing, Comparing, or Contrasting Findings with Literature or Methodologies in Other Sources (Confirmability: Validity)

III. Consolidate (Merge) Responses, Code Data, and/or Discover and Describe Sub Themes and/or Patterns

• List (Merge) from Word Documents Submitted the Participants' Responses to Each Question Under a Specific Research Question. For example, ALL responses to Question 1 will be Listed Under Question 1.
   
  • OR List (merge) the participants' responses from Word Documents to each question under a specific category. For example, ALL responses relating to a specific [variable] will be grouped together then research questions will be submerged under each variable (Specifics Variable Examples include: Industry, Company (e.g., Telecommunication responses then list Technology responses), Sector (e.g., government employee responses then list the private sector responses), Title, Race (African American responses then list Hispanic Americans responses), and so forth)
  • Correct some grammar to already edited or unedited document
  • Add some [text] to quote for clarity
     
• Outline Each Sub Code Under a Main/Specific Code (Master List)
• Open Code Text and/or
• Discover and Describe Sub Themes and/or Patterns of Individual Participants: Individual Meaning
• Generate 2 Coding Scheme Reports: Code Frequency (Enumeration) and Code Frequency with Source Materials (Coded Data)

• Does not include:

  • Transcribing Data (Digital Audio Files)

  • Listing Individual Responses Under Each Category Manually. Note: Coded Data (Text) will Appear in Report Generated by Software

  • Describing Overall Emergent (Major) Themes: Composite Meaning

  • Stating/describing the Overall Conclusions

  • Composing Articles, Books, or Other Publications

  • Synthesizing, Comparing, or Contrasting Findings with Literature or Methodologies in Other Sources (Confirmability: Validity)

Prices

Note. For any total number of responses exceeding one thousand (1,000), please contact another data analysis firm.

Even after transcription, documents may need extensive editing [smart copy]. This process also include awaiting researcher to send transcript back to participants to verify responses [transcript validity--not member checking process]. For detailed editing of the merged documents, add an additional $1,500.00. The data that is loaded into the software is what comes out in the coding process.

Additional reports (queries) may be generated from the coding scheme already established for an additional $250.00 per report.

Instructions:

Email textual data (Word document(s) of all responses) to brigettebrenda@aol.com. When signed and payment are received, the Firm will perform the indicated service(s) and return document (Word or text format). Allow up to 25-60 days for the return of final documents (reports). No refunds will be provided once signed service contract (invoice) and payment are received.
 

Quantitative Research

• Hire a Statistician for statistical (numerical/percentile) data analysis. The Firm does not provide this service. The Firm will not be held liable for the services rendered by analysts external of the Firm.